The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. It has been used in research and clinical practice in.Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 14 A number of studies on the validity and reliability of PHQ-9, as a diagnostic measure as well as its utility in assessing depression severity and in monitoringThe Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a brief screening and diagnostic tool for depression. Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2 item) with a yes or no response but it is recommended that even if PHQ-2 item is positive, the PHQ-9 should be additionally used.Comprehensive and systematic treatment of MDD is a key imperative throughout the disease course. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study (2015), MDD accounted for 35% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and ranked first among the psychiatric disorders. Validity and reliability analyses, and a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, were performed.Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common chronic recurrent mental disease. The summed-scored-based diagnosis of depression with the PHQ-9 was obtained. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.The gold standard was a psychiatric interview leading to a DSM-5 diagnosis of depressive disorder and adjustment disorder with a depressed mood. To view a copy of this licence, visit.
Phq A Validity And Reliability Manual Of MentalThe reliability and validity of PHQ-9 (Chinese version) as a screening tool for depression has been validated in large studies conducted in Hong Kong ( n = 6028) and Taiwan ( n = 1954). A meta-analysis of 17 studies concluded that PHQ-9 is suitable for use in different populations in different countries. Various versions of PHQ-9 have been developed in different languages, including Chinese, French, Spanish, Arabic, Korean, Somali, Thai, and Greek. A study of 6000 subjects found that PHQ-9 is more than a screening tool for depression it is also a reliable and effective tool for monitoring the severity of depression. In a meta-analysis, the reliability and validity of PHQ-9 was found to be better than that of DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition). It has been widely used in community-based settings, in the general population, and among people with physical diseases.In a study of 153 outpatients at a Japanese psychiatric hospital, PHQ-9 was found to be helpful for screening, but not suitable for diagnosing depressive episode. Self-assessment questionnaire for depression can help improve the detection of depression, especially in patients who have other mental disorders with comorbid depression episodes. In psychiatric hospitals, patients with depression have more severe disease and manifest complex symptoms. Most of the domestic and overseas studies pertaining to PHQ-9 were conducted in community-based primary medical care institutions or in the general population however, few studies have been conducted in psychiatric hospitals. Between-group differences with respect to continuous variables were assessed using the t test those with respect to dichotomous variables were assessed using the Chi-squared test. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 23.0 (SPSS 23.0). The inclusion criteria were: 1) patients who qualified the DSM-IV criteria for MDD 2) male or female patients aged 16–55 years 3) patients with secondary education or above (at least 9 years of education) 4) no history of electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) during the last 3 months 5) provision of written informed consent for participation by patients and/or guardians after detailed counseling.The exclusion criteria were: 1) patients with organic brain disease or severe, unstable physical disease which significantly affects the treatment of mental disorder 2) patients with secondary depression (physical disease, drug-induced, or other mental disease) 3) patients with serious drug side effects that required urgent redressal 4) patients with serious suicide attempt 5) pregnant women.Data entry and processing were performed using Epi-data 3.1. For the validity analysis, the criterion validity and construct validity of PHQ-9 were assessed with factor analysis and correlation analysis, respectively.On assessment of the consistency between total HAMD scores and total PHQ-9 scores, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.594 (> 0.4, moderate) [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.456–0.704, P 0.8 (range of KOM test coefficient: 0.859–0.930) Bartlett’s test result was P 1, which explained the total data variation of 54.505 and 11.406%, respectively. It is generally believed that a reliability coefficient 0.75 represents good reliability. ICC is equal to the individual variance divided by the total variance therefore, its value ranges from 0 to 1: 0 represents poor trust 1 represents perfect trust. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Kappa analysis were used for consistency test. The correlation among each item score and the correlation of each item score with the total score were evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. In this study, there was a strong correlation between HAMD-17 total scores and PHQ-9 total scores, which was consistent with previous findings. Many other studies have also shown that PHQ-9 has II-factor structure: cognitive-affective factor and somatic factor. All subjects in this study were clearly diagnosed as MDD using SCID (Structured clinical interview for DSM) to ensure the accuracy of diagnosis the diagnosis was made during a disease episode or during remission.Studies conducted in China as well as overseas have consistently shown that PHQ-9 has an I-factor structure, i.e., affective factor in other words, all items in PHQ-9 measure the same concept. Indeed, the DSM-5 also recommends use of PHQ-9 as a tool for evaluating the severity of depression. The total scores of the HAMD showed a positive correlation with the total scores of the PHQ-9 ( r = 0.610, P < 0.001).PHQ-9, a universal community screening tool for depression, is more likely to be used to measure the severity of depression in psychiatric hospitals. All factor load matrix coefficients of each item were > 0.5 (range of loadings: 0.55–0.85). This suggests that PHQ-9 can be used for rapid assessment of the severity of depression and for therapeutic monitoring. There is no significant change in the reliability and validity of PHQ-9 to identify different severity levels of depression when the cut-off points changed within a small range.HAMD-17 total scores and PHQ-9 total scores have good consistency, and there is general correlation between the disease severity as assessed by the two scales. They recommended cut-off scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 to designate mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, which is also more easily remembered by clinicians. This is slightly different from the cut-off scores used by the original developers of the scale. Syslog ng documentationThis suggests that these three items are most important determinants of the severity of disease. Item 2 (feeling down, hopeless, or depressed) showed the strongest correlation with total score followed by item 1 (little pleasure or interest in doing things) and item 6 (feeling that you are a failure or bad about yourself or have let your family or yourself down). The correlation coefficient between the total score and each item score of PHQ-9 ranged from 0.572 to 0.813 ( P < 0.01), which is indicative of strong correlation.
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